Variación somaclonal y selección in vitro con toxinas como herramienta en la búsqueda de resistencia a enfermedades en plantas: Revisión

Patiño Torres, Carlos

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Patiño Torres, Carlos

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Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD

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Abstract

Resumen.- La diversidad alélica es un requisito fundamental para el éxito de los programas de fitomejoramiento. En casos en los que la reserva de genes es escasa existen varios mecanismos para aumentarla artificialmente, incluyendo la obtención de variantes somaclonales a través de técnicas de cultivo de tejidos vegetales in vitro. La variación somaclonal es un fenómeno natural que ocurre en los procedimientos de cultivo de tejidos, a través del cual pueden recuperarse mutantes con o sin ventajas adaptativas. Cuando este fenómeno se utiliza para generar mutantes con características prediseñadas, a través del uso de un agente de selección artificial, el proceso se denomina selección in vitro. Si lo que se busca es producir material vegetal con resistencia y/o tolerancia a enfermedades, el agente de selección puede ser el microorganismo etiológico, sus partes, o sus productos metabólicos, incluidas sus toxinas. Consideraciones de costo, sencillez y eficacia, hacen que esta técnica sea particularmente apta para los países en vía de desarrollo. En este documento se revisan los fundamentos científicos que la sustentan.

Allelic diversity is a fundamental requirement for successful plant breeding programs. When gene pool is limited, several mechanisms are available for variability enrichment, for example, obtaining somaclonal variants through in vitro techniques. Somaclonal variation is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the procedures of plant tissue culture, through is possible to recover mutants with or without adaptive advantages. When this phenomenon is used to generate mutants with specific traits, through the use of an agent of artificial selection, the process is called in vitro selection. When looking for generating plant material that is resistant/tolerant to diseases, the agent of choice may be the causative organism, its parts, or its metabolic products, including toxins. Considerations of cost, simplicity and efficiency, make this technique particularly suitable for developing countries. In this paper, we review the scientific basis underpinning this method.

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